Cathepsin D for Sale

Cathepsin D is a functional approach of gene cloning was applied to HeLa cells in an attempt to isolate positive mediators of programmed cell death. The approach was based on random inactivation of genes by transfections with antisense cDNA expression libraries, followed by the selection of cells that survived in the presence of the external apoptotic stimulus. There are, however, exceptions such as cathepsin K, which works extracellularly after secretion by osteoclasts in bone resorption. The high cathepsin D antisense RNA levels protected the HeLa cells from interferon-gamma- and Fas/APO-1-induced death.
Cathepsin D is an estrogen-regulated, lysosomal acidic protease associated with tissue breakdown. Elevated levels of Cathepsin D are indicative of breast cancer recurrence in both node-negative and node-positive diesease. An antisense cDNA fragment identical to human cathepsin D aspartic protease was rescued by this positive selection. In addition, Cathepsin D is associated with amyloid formation in Alzheimer's plaques as is possibly linked to lung tissue damage in cigarette smokers.
Pepstatin A, an inhibitor of cathepsin D, suppressed cell death in these systems and interfered with the TNF-alpha-induced programmed cell death of U937 cells as well.
Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover, e.g. bone resorption. During cell death, expression of cathepsin D was elevated and processing of the protein was affected, which resulted in high steady-state levels of an intermediate, proteolytically active, single chain form of this protease. Deficiencies in this protein are linked to multiple forms of galactosialidosis. Altogether, these results suggest that this well-known endoprotease plays an active role in cytokine-induced programmed cell death, thus adding cathepsin D to the growing list of proteases that function as positive mediators of apoptosis.
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