What is Bialophos?

Bialophos is a tripeptide antibiotic and herbicide naturally produced by a few species of the soil bacteria, Streptomyces. It is made up of two alanine residues and the glutamic acid analog phosphinothricin and is commonly used as a gene sector in plants.  Resistance plasmids include: pGreenII 0229 and pGreenII 0229 62-SK. pGreenII 0229 is derived from pGreenII 0000, a nos-bar cassette has been inserted into the HpaI site of the Left Border, providing resistance to bialaphos or phosphinothricin during plant transformation selection. pGreenII 0229 62-SK is derived from pGreenII 0229, the LacZ blue/white cloning selection has been replaced with a 35S-MCS-CaMV cassette that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into a 35S over-expression cassette.
Bialophos is a linear tripeptide produced as a secondary metabolite by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The structure is PT-Ala-Ala, where PT is the glutamate analog, phosphinothricin. After hydrolysis of bialaphos by intracellular nonspecific peptidases, PT acts as an inhibitor of glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase), and thereby derives herbicide and antibiotic activities.
Bialaphos (L-alanyl-L-ALANYL-phosphinothricin) is consisting a natural Tripeptid of the amino acids alanine and Phosphinothricin. Bialaphos was isolated as product from two different Streptomyceten living in the soil (Streptomyces hygroscopicus and Streptomyces of viridochromogenes). Bialaphos has herbicides characteristics, which decrease/go back to the biologically active Phosphinothricin group.
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